Rabu, 16 Februari 2011

NOUN PHRASES

The beautiful girl

Demi and Joe on the stage

Cute baby

Do y know the sentences that I make above is included to “noun phrases”
®    Noun is word that names a person, animal,place, thing, ide or concept or anything considered as noun.
Note: Gerund (kata kerja yang dibendakan) can also be classified as noun.
®    Noun phrases (frasa kata benda) is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

Structures of Noun phrase :

1.       Noun premodifiers – Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers.
pre – modifiers + noun
a). White house ; here white is a premodifier and house is a noun.
b). The three old Democratic legislators ; here the three old Democratic is premodifier and legislators is a noun.

2.      Noun Post - Modifiers – Modifiers coming after a noun are called post – modifiers.
noun + post-modifiers. (The most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases).
a). The glass on the table ; here on the table is the post-modifier.
b). The boy in the store ; here in the store is the post-modifier.

3.     Noun phrase - pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier.
a). The boys on top of the house are ...... here The is the pre-modifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is the post-modifier


FINITE VERBS

The word finite means limited

Yeah, actually, I don’t understand about this at all. But you can't say "I Can't" before you try ;)
To make easier to learn this one, look at the table below :D
 Yeah, actually, I don’t understand about this at all. But I will try! To make easier to learn this one, look at the table below :D

Group A
Group B
I like to sing songs.
I am fond of eating mangoes.
We like to sing songs.
We are fond of eating mangoes.
You like to sing songs.
You are fond of eating mangoes.
He likes to sing songs.
He is fond of eating mangoes.
She likes to sing songs.
She is fond of eating mangoes.
Anita likes to sing songs.
Antony is fond of eating mangoes.
They like to sing songs.
They are fond of eating mangoes.
®    In sentences in Group A, we have the verbs like and sing. The verb like takes on different forms (like, likes) in the six sentences in the group. The verb sing has the same unchangeable form to sing in all the sentences. So, we have one verb which changes and the other which does not change.
®      In the sentences in Group B, we have a similar thing. We have the verb be in different forms (am, is, are) and the unchangeable verb form eating of the verb eat. So, here too, we have again one changing verb and the other an unchanging verb.
®      The verb like in group A and the verb be in group B are verbs which change. The reason these verbs change their forms must surely be because of the words I, we, you, he, she, Anita, they...since it is clear that all other words within the same group of sentences are the same.
®      These verbs which change according to words I, we, you, he, she, Anita, and they, are called Finite Verbs.
Sooo…..


®    A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.

In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite.
These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan verb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.

2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.

Dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.


Example :
1.Positive command

- Help me, please !

2. Negative verb
- Don’t do that.

NEWS ITEM





“Andai aku Gayus Tambunan…. Yang bisa pergi ke Bali…” XD



Everyday we hear or read the news. We can say that we can’t live without any news. You can see ’em from television, news paper,  radio and internet. As the example, the hottest news in Indonesia is about a corruptor named Gayus Tambunan. 
And the hottest news around the world is about a conflict in Mesir, yes it’s about the President.
Now, we’re going to identify the news item step by step. C’mon!

®    News Itemis factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
®    Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
®    Generic structure:
·       Newsworthy Event(s):  recounts the events in summary form
·       Background Event(s):  elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
·       Sources:  comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
®    Significant Grammar Features:
·       Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
·       Generally using Simple Past Tense
·       Use of Material Processes to retell the event
·       Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
·       Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
·       Focus on Circumstances
·       Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
®    There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1.       The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example:  Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence:  Town is contaminated.
2.      It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example:  Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence:  Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3.      The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example:  World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence:  The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4.      To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example:   Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence:  The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5.      Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example:  More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence:  More earthquakes happened in Japan.

Let’s identify this news item J


KPK immediately ask defendant Gayus Tambunan 
about tax mafia in Indonesia

(Newsworthy) Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) will soon invite to ask defendant Gayus Tambunan about Tax Mafia in Indonesia. Similarly KPK leaders decided in the meeting which took place today, Thursday (13 / 1 / 2011). 

(Background Events) "Oh, certainly it. That was the decision KPK leaders meeting," said Commission Chairman Busyro Muqodas, in Jakarta, Thursday
(13 / 1), when asked whether the agency would soon summon Gaius. 

He added that the Commission immediately to schedule a call when Gaius done. "We are now awaiting the results of studies deputy investigation," he said. 

The police said the passport in the name of Sony Laksono which can be used as evidence by Gayus Tambunan forged passports had been discarded by Gayus himself. Head of the Department of Public Information Police Headquarters Joey Boy Amar disclose it. 

"Explanation of Gayus Tambunan, passport has been discarded in a place, in Indonesia, yes," said Boy at Police Headquarters, Jakarta, Thursday (13/01/2011). Boy says that the passport that has been used overseas Gaius is not destroyed before disposal. 
Passport, said Boy, discarded after Gayus and his wife, Milana Anggraeni, plesiran returned from abroad, which is about the end of September. "Given the long thrown hopefully there is a find. We try to find but in the long deadline, yes," said Boy. 

The police were, said the Boy, had been looking at the disposal site, as expressed Gayus. However, Boy does not reveal where approximately passports were dumped. "Any information Gaius will be addressed," he added. 
 
When asked whether the loss of a passport will be difficult for police work, Boy said that print out your passport database obtained from the Immigration Office to be a substitute for proof document. 

The police said the passport in the name of Sony Laksono which can be used as evidence by Gayus Tambunan forged passports had been discarded by Gaius himself. Head of the Department of Public Information Police Headquarters Joey Boy Amar disclose it. 

"Explanation of Gayus Tambunan, passport has been discarded in a place, in Indonesia, yes," said Boy at Police Headquarters, Jakarta, Thursday (13/01/2011). Boy says that the passport that has been used overseas Gaius is not destroyed before disposal. 

Passport, said Boy, discarded after Gaius and his wife, Milana Anggraeni, plesiran returned from abroad, which is about the end of September. "Given the long thrown hopefully there is a find. We try to find but in the long deadline, yes," said Boy. 

The police were, said the Boy, had been looking at the disposal site, as expressed Gayus. However, Boy does not reveal where approximately passports were dumped. "Any information Gaius will be addressed," he added. 

When asked whether the loss of a passport will be difficult for police work, Boy said that print out your passport database obtained from the Immigration Office to be a substitute for proof document. 

Indonesian police report made by a syndicate Gaius passport at a cost of Rp 900 million or nearly one billion rupiah. 

(Sources) This tax mafia cases involving hundreds of big companies in Indonesia, including Bakrie group belongs, such as mining company Kaltim Prima Coal who are spending U.S. $ 2 million dollars to be submitted to Gayus.

Selasa, 15 Februari 2011

INTRODUCTORY “IT”

Before we go futher, I will show you some lyrics of song that uses introductory “it” J 

It was enchanting to meet you ~ Enchanted by Taylor Swift
It’s time to face the music, I’m no longer your muse ~ The one that got away by Katy Perry
Every night it’s all the same ~ Something ‘bout love by David Archuleta
Keeping it inside, it’s killing me ~ Inconsolable by BSB

Let’s go to the materials :)

The Place of “it”

#1 When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it.Instead of saying ‘To find fault with others is easy’, we say, ‘It is easy to find fault with others’. More examples are given below.
§  It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
§  It was not easy to understand his motive.
§  It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
§  It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
§  It was pleasant to sit on the beach.

However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.
§  To err is human.
§  To withdraw now will be sheer folly.

#2 When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.
§  Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
§  It is no use arguing with him.
§  It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.
(Note: the gerund can be changed into the infinitive)
#3 When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. Instead of saying ‘That she was once a famous artist is true’, we may say, ‘It is true that she was once a famous artist’.
§  It does not matter whether he comes or not. (= Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
§  It is doubtful whether he can pay the dues. (= Whether he can pay the dues is doubtful.)
§  It cannot be denied that the doctors did their best to save his life. (= That the doctors did their best to save his life cannot be denied.)

Uses of “it”
#1 Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that she may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.

#2 Introductory it as an object
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
I think it a pity that she could not win.
We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
He made it clear what he wanted.
I find it difficult to talk to him.

#3 Introductory it in questions
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Have you ever tell something in details? And have you ever tell your favorite thing to your friend?? If the answer is yes, truly you describe that using a kind of text named “descriptive text”
Here we go!!!!

®      Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like.
®      Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
®      In spoken form, we sometimes use some fillera, such as: you know, er…, um…, etc.


The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

1. Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
2. Description; give the information of particular thing, person, place being discussed

®      Grammatical features of descriptive text :
·       Who? What?
·       Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
·       Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
·       Attributive (the)
·       Use of attributive and identifying process
·       Focus on specific participants
·       Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups


Here.. I give you one example of descriptive text J

My Toy Clown

On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny unicycle--a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. (identification)

The clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I enter my room. (description)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Okay guys, In Indonesian Language Lesson you have studied about “direct and indirect speech”. And I’m sure you can understand that.
Noooo! I don't mean like that! 
I mean 
®    Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
®    Direct speech is showed by quotation marks (“….”) and it should be word for word.
®    Direct speech is divided into two kinds
-      Reporting verb/reporting sentence : kata kerja yang mnelaporkan
-      Reported words/reported speech : kata-kata yang dilaporkan
®    In making Direct Speech you should pay attention to the things below :
Note !
-      Reporting verb and reported words are apart with comma (,)
-      Reporting words is written with quotation marks (“”)
-      Reporting verb can be at first sentence or last sentence

®    Indirect speech  (sometimes called reported speech) refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
®    The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

®    ®    Time signal in indirect speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
Then
That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the week after
Before

®    Pronouns
Direct speech
Indirect speech
This/these
Here
Pronouns
That/those
There
They change according to the context

®    Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type
Form
Examples
Yes-No questions
Ask                    +  if/whether  +  subject  +  verb
Wonder etc.      
“Do you speak English?”
- He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions
Ask                    +  question word + subject +  verb
Wonder etc.      
“What are you watching?”
- She asked what I am watching.

®    There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

®    Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't worry about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to worry about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before

®    In command sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.